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باب 9 از 10

سڑک پر خطرے سے بچنا

Avoiding danger on the road

This short appendix is about how you see risk. It explains where your sense of danger comes from, asks you some honest questions about your own driving, names the four skills of hazard perception and then lets you practise spotting hazards in pictures. Use it as a revision exercise once you have studied the chapters.

  • تقریباً 8 منٹ
  • 4 حصے
  • Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, pp. 177–181

باب 9 · 4 حصے

اس باب کے بعد آپ کر سکیں گے

  • State the aim of the appendix: to define, understand, calculate and avoid risk.
  • List the four things our perception of hazard and risk is based on.
  • Name the four hazard perception skills the handbook tells you to learn.
  • Explain why the hazards you do not see are the most dangerous.
  • Use the hazard challenge pictures to practise counting potential hazards.

4 میں سے حصہ 1

Perception of hazard and risk

The handbook lists four things that shape how each of us perceives hazard and risk.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 177

متحرک تصویر · اصل تصویر

One hazard, four things that shape how you see it

A straight two-way desert road with sand on both sides. Car A, the blue car you are driving, heads east. Ahead of it a camel stands on the sand close to the right-hand edge of the road. Beside the road lies a panel of four lamps named Experience, Beliefs, Control and Information.

تصویر پر فوکس کریں، پھر: دایاں تیر یا N اگلے قدم پر لے جاتا ہے، بایاں تیر یا B ایک قدم پیچھے۔ R پہلے قدم سے دوبارہ چلاتا ہے۔ D، 3D ماڈل اور 2D نقشے کے درمیان بدلتا ہے۔ کوما اور فل اسٹاپ 3D ماڈل گھماتے ہیں، اوپر اور نیچے کے تیر اسے جھکاتے ہیں، پلس اور مائنس زوم کرتے ہیں، 0 منظر دوبارہ ترتیب دیتا ہے۔ ہر قدم کے کنٹرول کے لیے ایک بٹن بھی ہے۔

Step 1 of 6, A camel near the road: Car A drives east on a desert road. A camel stands on the sand ahead, close to the edge. How risky does that look to you?

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 177

نوٹ

What this appendix is for

The handbook’s stated aim here is to give you a framework for analysing the risk you face on the road. It sets out to do four things with risk: define it, understand it, calculate it and avoid it.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 177

تعریف

Where your sense of risk comes from

The handbook asks where the way we perceive hazard and risk comes from. Its answer is that our perceptions are based on four things.

  • Personal experience of the adverse event.
  • Social and cultural background and beliefs.
  • Our ability to exercise control over a particular risk.
  • The extent to which information is gained from different sources, for example from the media.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 177

4 میں سے حصہ 2

Questions to ask yourself

A short self-assessment about why crashes happen and how risky your own habits are. The handbook gives no answers.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 177

متحرک تصویر · اصل تصویر

The self-check at a yellow light

A model crossroads with traffic lights. Car A, the blue car you are driving, comes from the south towards a green light. Car B waits at a red light on the road from the west, and a pedestrian waits at the kerb beside a crossing in front of car A.

تصویر پر فوکس کریں، پھر: دایاں تیر یا N اگلے قدم پر لے جاتا ہے، بایاں تیر یا B ایک قدم پیچھے۔ R پہلے قدم سے دوبارہ چلاتا ہے۔ D، 3D ماڈل اور 2D نقشے کے درمیان بدلتا ہے۔ کوما اور فل اسٹاپ 3D ماڈل گھماتے ہیں، اوپر اور نیچے کے تیر اسے جھکاتے ہیں، پلس اور مائنس زوم کرتے ہیں، 0 منظر دوبارہ ترتیب دیتا ہے۔ ہر قدم کے کنٹرول کے لیے ایک بٹن بھی ہے۔

Step 1 of 5, A green light ahead: Car A drives towards a crossroads on green. Car B waits at a red light on the left and a pedestrian waits to cross.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 177

مراحل

How to answer the self-check

The questionnaire only helps if it shows what you really think. The handbook gives three instructions.

  1. Do not spend too much time thinking about the answer.
  2. If you are unsure, give your first preference answer.
  3. Be honest.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 177

نوٹ

Why do drivers crash, and what would help?

The first questions ask for your opinion. There is no right answer printed; the point is to notice what you believe.

  • Why do drivers crash? The choices offered are inadequate training, carelessness, a licensing test that needs improvement, bad road design, poor understanding of the dangers involved in driving, or something else.
  • How can driving be improved? The choices are more police enforcement, better signage on the road, better education and training, improved licensing standards, or something else.
  • When travelling by car, do you wear your seat belt always, sometimes or never?

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 177

نوٹ

Four questions about your own driving

The handbook then asks four questions about driving and leaves them unanswered. Try them honestly, then look up stopping distance and crash forces in the chapter on safety while driving.

  • Is driving 15 km/h above the speed limit risky?
  • Is running a yellow light risky, OK, or are you not sure?
  • If you need to stop suddenly from 60 km/h, how much distance do you need?
  • If you crash your car at 60 km/h, what height of fall would the impact on your body be equivalent to?

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 177

4 میں سے حصہ 3

Hazard perception

Seeing a hazard in time can be the difference between life and death. It is a skill you learn.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 178

متحرک تصویر · اصل تصویر

Scan, process, prioritize, take action

A straight two-way town street. Car A, the blue car you are driving, heads east. On the other side of the road a bus has stopped at a bus stop, facing west. A pedestrian stands on the pavement just behind the bus, where the driver of car A cannot see them. A cyclist rides east far ahead of car A.

تصویر پر فوکس کریں، پھر: دایاں تیر یا N اگلے قدم پر لے جاتا ہے، بایاں تیر یا B ایک قدم پیچھے۔ R پہلے قدم سے دوبارہ چلاتا ہے۔ D، 3D ماڈل اور 2D نقشے کے درمیان بدلتا ہے۔ کوما اور فل اسٹاپ 3D ماڈل گھماتے ہیں، اوپر اور نیچے کے تیر اسے جھکاتے ہیں، پلس اور مائنس زوم کرتے ہیں، 0 منظر دوبارہ ترتیب دیتا ہے۔ ہر قدم کے کنٹرول کے لیے ایک بٹن بھی ہے۔

Step 1 of 6, A bus at its stop: Car A drives east. Across the road a bus has stopped at a bus stop, and a cyclist rides far ahead.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 178

تصویری

Four tiles under the heading "Hazard perception is a survival skill. Learn to": Scan, Process, Prioritize, Take action.
شکل 9.1A survival skill in four parts. اصل خاکہ، Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 178 پر مبنی

A survival skill in four parts

The handbook calls hazard perception a survival skill and tells you to learn four things. It lists them without further explanation.

  • Scan.
  • Process.
  • Prioritize.
  • Take action.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 178

4 میں سے حصہ 4

The hazard challenge

Eight pictures to practise on. Count the potential hazards in each one.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, pp. 178–181

متحرک تصویر · اصل تصویر

Counting potential hazards: a practice picture

A practice picture of our own, not one of the handbook’s eight: a T-junction with a stop sign in the rain. Car A, the blue car you are driving, comes up the side road from the south. On the main road car B comes from the west and a motorcycle comes from the east. A pedestrian waits at the corner to cross the mouth of the side road.

تصویر پر فوکس کریں، پھر: دایاں تیر یا N اگلے قدم پر لے جاتا ہے، بایاں تیر یا B ایک قدم پیچھے۔ R پہلے قدم سے دوبارہ چلاتا ہے۔ D، 3D ماڈل اور 2D نقشے کے درمیان بدلتا ہے۔ کوما اور فل اسٹاپ 3D ماڈل گھماتے ہیں، اوپر اور نیچے کے تیر اسے جھکاتے ہیں، پلس اور مائنس زوم کرتے ہیں، 0 منظر دوبارہ ترتیب دیتا ہے۔ ہر قدم کے کنٹرول کے لیے ایک بٹن بھی ہے۔

Step 1 of 6, How many hazards can you see?: A practice picture of our own: car A nears a T-junction with a stop sign in the rain. Count the potential hazards, then go on. Conditions: Rain.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 178

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, pp. 178–181Scene descriptions are our own reading of uncaptioned pictures; the handbook gives no answer key.

مراحل

How the challenge works

Each picture comes with the same question: how many hazards can you see? You count the number of potential hazards in each picture, from zero to five, and write them down. The handbook prints no answers, so compare your list with your instructor or another learner.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 178

مثال

موجودہ قواعد سے تصدیق کریں

The eight scenes

Open your handbook at pages 178 to 181 and work through the pictures. These short descriptions are ours, only to help you find each one; they do not tell you what the hazards are.

  • Page 178: a busy road in rain by day, and a rainy night seen through a wet windscreen.
  • Page 179: a pedestrian on a marked crossing with a car close by, and a crossroads with traffic lights and a yellow box.
  • Page 180: a T-junction with a stop sign, and a multi-lane road where another road joins.
  • Page 181: a crossroads, and a roundabout.

ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, pp. 178–181Scene descriptions are our own reading of uncaptioned pictures; the handbook gives no answer key.

موجودہ قواعد سے تصدیق کریں۔ اس نکتے کی مکمل تصدیق نہیں ہو سکی، یا ممکن ہے یہ بدل گیا ہو۔

باب 9 کا خلاصہ

یہ یاد رکھیں

  • The aim: define, understand, calculate and avoid risk.
  • Your sense of risk comes from personal experience, background and beliefs, how much control you feel you have, and what you hear from sources such as the media.
  • Hazard perception is a survival skill: scan, process, prioritize, take action.
  • The hazards you do not see or cannot avoid cause the most deaths and injuries.
  • Answer the self-check quickly and honestly; the handbook gives no answer key.

عام غلط فہمیاں

  • غلط فہمی

    : My sense of how risky something is comes purely from the facts of the situation.

    حقیقت

    : The handbook says our perceptions of hazard and risk are based on personal experience of the adverse event, social and cultural background and beliefs, our ability to exercise control over the risk, and information gained from sources such as the media.

    ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 177

  • غلط فہمی

    : The obvious hazards are the ones that hurt people.

    حقیقت

    : According to the handbook, it is the hazards you do not see or cannot avoid that cause the most deaths and injuries.

    ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 178

  • غلط فہمی

    : Spotting hazards is a talent that some drivers simply have.

    حقیقت

    : The handbook treats hazard perception as a survival skill to be learned: scan, process, prioritize and take action.

    ماخذ: Handbook Appendix: Avoiding danger on the road, p. 178

باب 9 · مشق

اپنی معلومات جانچیں

اس باب پر 6 مختصر سوالات، ہر جواب کے بعد وضاحت کے ساتھ۔ یا اس کے لیے لکھے گئے تمام 7 سوالات کی مشق کریں۔

وہ مشقی ٹیسٹ جن میں یہ باب شامل ہے